Ein überblick über die aktuellen entwicklungen im Türkischen ausländerrecht und internationalen schutzrecht

Abstract

Bir ülkede yabancıların hukuki statülerine ilişkin düzenlemelerin önem arz etmesi, ülkede yabancıların sayısının önemli surette artması, hukuki statülerinin farklılık göstermesi sonucu söz konusu olur. Yabancıların ülkelerinden ayrılmasının nedeni, başka bir ülkede çalışmak, yaşamak gibi herhangi zorlayıcı bir etkenden bağımsız olabileceği gibi; savaş, doğal felaketler, güvenlik ihtiyacı gibi etkenlere de dayanabilir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Cumhuriyet döneminde yabancılar ülkemize farklı nedenlerden gelmiş olmakla birlikte, özellikle Suriye’de 2011 yılında başlayan iç karışıklık sonucu Türkiye‘ye yönelen kitlesel ve ani akım toplum tarafından da hissedilir hale gelmiştir. Iç hukuk bakımından hem bireysel hem de kitlesel iltica hareketleri bakımından ulusal mevzuattaki ana kaynak 1994 İltica Yönetmeliğiydi. Yönetmeliğin kapsamına bireysel olarak iltica etmek isteyenler, hedef iltica ülkesine gitmek üzere transit ülke olarak Türkiye’de bulunanlar ile topluca iltica etmek isteyenler girmekteydi. İltica ile ilgili meseleler temelde 1994 Yönetmeliği ve genelgelerle halledilmekteydi Türkiye Mültecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesine taraf olmasına rağmen, bu konu, kanun düzeyinde düzenlenmemişti. AB Müktesebatına Uyum Programı çerçevesinde, hazırlık çalışmalarına 2009 yılında başlanan ve uzun bir çalışma sonunda tamamlanan taslak metni 2012 yılında Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisine (TBMM) sunulan 6458 sayılı Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu, 04.04.2013 tarihinde TBMM tarafından kabul edilmiş; Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından onaylanarak 11.04.2013 tarihli, 28615 sayılı Resmî Gazetede yayımlanmıştır. Teşkilata ilişkin olanlar hariç diğer hükümlerin bir yıl sonra, yani 11.04.2014 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmesi öngörülmüştür. YUKK’un hazırlanmasında, başta Avrupa Birliği müktesebatına ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına uyum olmak üzere birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Türk hukukunda birçok yenilik ve değişiklik getiren YUKK, yabancılarla ilgili tüm konuları kapsayan bir düzenleme değildir; ancak YUKK‘un yabancılarla ilgili çoğu dağınık düzenlemeleri tek bir çatı altında topladığını söyleyebiliriz. Hükümler, yabancılar, uluslararası koruma ve teşkilat başlıkları altında kaleme alınmıştır. Kanunda, yabancıların ülkeye girişi, ikametleri, sınır dışı edilmeleri, idari gözetim, vatansızların statüsü, uluslararası koruma ile idarî teşkilatlanma hususlarının düzenlenmiştir. Yürürlüğe girmesinden beş sene sonra, 24.12.2019 tarih ve 30988 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayınlanan Bazı Kanunlarda ve 375 s. Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun ile YUKK’un bazı maddelerinde değişiklik yapılmıştır. Makalemizde, önem arz eden değişikliklere değinilecektir.

he regulations regarding the legal status of foreigners are important in a country, where the number of foreigners in the country increases significantly and where their legal status varies. The causes of migration are very diverse. Persons may have decided to immigrate to another country as a result of challenging factors such as war, natural disasters, security need, but also depending on noncoercive reasons wishing to live or to work in another country. Although there were migration movements to our country due to different reasons during the Ottoman Empire and Republican period4, the phenomenon of migration has been felt by the society especially after the massive and sudden migration movement directed to our country as a result of the social upheaval and violent conflict that started in Syria in 2011. In the framework of the Harmonization Programme to the European Union’s legislation, preparation works began in 2009 and the preliminary draft was handed over to the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 2012. Code on Foreigners and International Protection, dated 04.04.2013 and numbered 6458, was published in the Official Gazette dated 11.04.2013 / numbered 28615. Its provisions except for the ones regarding the organization of Directorate General of Migration Management entered into force one year after the publication date on Official Gazette, namely on 11.04.2014. In the preparation period of the code, a wide range of factors has been taken into account like the EU’s acquis and case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The code doesn‘t cover all the issues regarding the foreigners; but it can be said that the code has merged a wide range of scattered regulations regarding foreigners under the same roof. In the code followings have been regulated entry of the foreigners into the country, residence permits, deportation, administrative detention, international protection and administrative organization. 5 years after having entered into force some amendments have been made in the Code on Foreigners and International Protection by the Act published in the Official Gazette dated 24.12.2019 / numbered 30988, regarding Amendments in Some Codes and Decree Nr. 375. In this article the important amendments will be explained.Inadmissable (INAD) passenger is a term having been used in aviation terminology to define passengers who are not allowed to enter a country they want to travel. According to civil aviation conventions the INAD passengers are sent back by airline, if the passenger is unable to show the valid documents at the international arrivals terminal or if the documents shown are deemed invalid. They are actually foreigners, who aren’t accepted to the country. Therefore they are not same as the foreigners in the country, who are subject to deportation rules. In practice the INAD passengers had to wait in waiting areas. The amendment in the code reflects the actual situation of INAD passengers. But it hasn’t enhanced the circumstances of them, many important issues were not regulated such as right of objection, right to seek legal advice, right to apply for international protection. Humanitarian residence permit may be granted to foreigners who cannot apply for other kinds of residence permits, but who still need residence permit due to humanitarian reasons such as child’s best interest, health issues etc. The statement in the article “Approval of the Ministry and for maximum one-year periods has been abolished and the authority to give approval has been delivered to the General Directorate within the time limits determined by the Ministry. In this way, it has been paved the way for granting a long-term humanitarian residence permit, which, by its nature, should be decided urgently. By means of this amendment, the bureaucracy has been reduced and it is aimed a faster decisionmaking mechanism. According to the appeal system in the code it was foreseen, that objections of some groups of foreigners stated in Art. 53 para. 3 do not stay of execution of deportation process. By means of the new amendment the exceptions have been abolished, so will the deportation process stay upon the objection of any foreigner. Objection to the administrative court against the deportation decision has been reduced from 15 days to 7 days. It could be to my opinion a possible violation of the effective application right according to Art. 13 of European Convention on Human Rights. A new concept has taken place in the code. The administration may decide to take administrative measures instead of administrative detention. According to the reasoning of the amendment it has been aimed not depriving the foreigners of their liberty. Among these are family-based return, voluntary return counseling, pursuing public interest volunteer activity, electronic monitoring etc. The most striking amendment is electronic monitoring in terms of right of liberty. It should have been made a more detailed regulation as of implementation of electronic monitoring.