Life cycle and characteristic analysis of bismuth doped barium zirconate perovskites: Towards enhanced oxygen mobility with reduced ecotoxicity

BaZrO3-based perovskite oxides are promising for electrocatalytic applications due to their high chemical stability and electrical conductivity. In this study, BaZrO3 perovskite was modified by various amounts of bismuth doping, and BaZr(1-x)BixO3 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) perovskites obtained were characterized physicochemically. The results reveal that by generating oxygen vacancies and increasing oxygen mobility, proven by enhanced oxygen adsorption ability, Bi doping significantly improves the redox ability. Among synthesized perovskites, BaZr(1-x)BixO3 (x = 0.2) demonstrates the highest potential in promising electrocatalytic reactions. Additionally, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of all perovskites reveals that energy consumption during the synthesis is the primary contributor to environmental impacts. However, the results show that the ecological implications for perovskites with doping levels up to x = 0.2 are lower than for samples with higher doping levels.