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    An Overview of Historical Development, Current Situation, and Future Prospects of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Türkiye
    (Mdpi, 2025) Korkut, Mehmet; Hartog, Niels; Yavuz, Vural
    Climate change, rapid population growth, and unsustainable water use in industry and agriculture have all significantly harmed the quantity and quality of groundwater resources. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) offers a solution to these challenges, encompassing a variety of methods and strategies for protecting and improving groundwater systems. This article provides a complete overview of MAR in T & uuml;rkiye, concentrating on its historical development, current situation, and future prospects. MAR has been increasingly used to combat water scarcity since the 1960s, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions in T & uuml;rkiye with significant groundwater depletion. The majority of completed managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects in T & uuml;rkiye employ in-channel modifications, accounting for 77%. This is followed by well recharge techniques and surface spreading methods, with values of 16% and 4%, respectively. Future projects are expected to focus on the southeastern and central regions, with in-channel modifications increasing to 90%. In comparison, methods such as well recharge (6%), surface spreading (3%), and other methods are limited. Despite the growing application of MAR, Turkey requires strong regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe and successful implementation of these methods, including groundwater quality, source water regulations, and geological concerns regionally. MAR can promote sustainable water management by minimizing the effects of population growth and climate change on groundwater resources.
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    Build-up and chronology of blue ice moraines in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica
    (Elsevier, 2020) Akcar, Naki; Yesilyurt, Serdar; Hippe, Kristina; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof; Yavuz, Vural; Ozsoy, Burcu
    Blue ice moraines are common supraglacial landforms in Antarctica and they are considered to record the ice volume fluctuations. In this study, we use photogrammetry and the analysis of multiple cosmogenic nuclides (Be-10, Al-26, and in-situ C-14) in boulders on three blue ice moraines to explore the timing of ice volume fluctuations in the Sor Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land, and provide insights into the role of sediment sources in the reconstruction of their chronology. In the field, we observe that the blue ice moraines are composed of subglacially and supraglacially transported sediments. Cosmogenic Be-10 and Al-26 exposure ages of 14 surface samples, collected from boulders on three blue ice moraines, range from 15.4 +/- 1.1 to 659.5 +/- 33.9 ka. Al-26/Be-10 ratios vary between 3.53 +/- 0.20 and 7.01 +/- 0.32, and many of these ratios indicate complex exposure histories. In contrast, among nine in-situ C-14 exposure ages, five vary between 4.2 +/- 0.1 and 22.0 +/- 1.3 ka, and four are saturated. We conclude that the accumulation of these blue ice moraines commenced before or during the global Last Glacial Maximum. Our results indicate that surficial sediment sources can yield exposure ages that are older than real exposure age, and exhibit a wider scatter. This can alter the reconstructed chronology of these landforms. The analysis of in-situ C-14 has a high potential in tracking the pace of their evolution, especially since the Last Glacial Maximum.
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    WinApclas, A Windows program for apatite supergroup minerals
    (Sapienza Univ Editrice, 2023) Yavuz, Fuat; Yavuz, Vural
    A Microsoft (R) Visual Basic software, called WinApclas, has been developed to calculate and classify wet chemical and electron-microprobe apatite supergroup mineral analyses based on the New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA-10) nomenclature scheme. The program evaluates the 47 approved species based on the dominant cations at the M and T sites and anions at the X site in the reduced general formula IXM12VIIM23(IVTO4)3X within the apatite, hedyphane, belovite, britholite and ellestadite groups. Mineral analyses of the apatite supergroup species are calculated with different estimation and normalization options including 13 total anions, 8 total (M+T=8), 3T (P+As+V+Si+S=3), 8 total (M=5 and T=3) and 5M cations, respectively. Using the calculated anion values of apatite supergroup mineral analyses, the program first allocates the T site cations with charges between +4 and +6 and then shares all remaining cations with smaller ones in the range of +1 to +3 to fill the M site. Considering the dominant M and T site anions, WinApclas determines the apatite supergroups and defines the species in each group according to the dominant valance and constituents on the basis of dominant X anion such as F-, Cl- and OH-. The program allows the users to enter total 79 input variables that 54 of them (wt%) are used for the calculation and classification of apatite supergroups minerals, two of them (wt%) belonging to the melt or whole-rock SiO2 and P2O5 compositions to be used in estimation of the apatite saturation temperature values (oC) and the rest 23 for apatite trace (ppm) and rare earth element (REE) contents to handle the compositional and discrimination plots for provenance and mineral exploration studies. By applying the semi-quantitative formulae for apatite mineral analyses, WinApclas also provides the user to estimate the F, Cl and relative S contents (ppm) of melts as well as the redox states of magmas. All the calculated values are stored in an output Microsoft (R) Excel file that can be used for further evaluations. WinApclas is distributed as a self-extracting setup file, including the necessary support files used by program, a help file, and representative sample data files.
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    WinPclclas, A WINDOWS PROGRAM FOR PYROCHLORE SUPERGROUP MINERALS
    (Mineralogical Assoc Canada, 2024) Yavuz, Fuat; Yavuz, Vural
    A Microsoft (R) Visual Basic program, WinPclclas, has been developed to calculate the chemical formulae of pyrochlore supergroup minerals (PSM) based on data obtained from wet -chemical and electron -microprobe analyses. These are also classi fi ed following the nomenclature scheme adopted by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classi fi cation (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association for PSM (IMA-10) and including both subsequent group and species updates. The program considers classi fi cation among the 33 IMA-approved PSM, as well as ten species that have not been approved, adhering to the general formula A 2 B 2 X 6 Y and considering the dominant ions at the A , B , and Y sites. It considers PSM represented by the pyrochlore, microlite, rom & eacute;ite, elsmoreite, and beta fi te groups, along with unassigned members of the ralstonite and coulsellite groups. Mineral formulae of the PSM are calculated based on the ideal number of B cations being two apfu , owing to the potential for vacancies at the A , X , and Y sites. WinPclclas operates in four stages: (1) it estimates cation and anion contents provided by input chemical data; (2) it determines the dominant cation and anion at the A , B , and Y sites; (3) it assigns the PSM to one of the seven groups, based on the dominant cation at the B site ( i.e ., W 6+ , Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ , Sb 5+ , Ti 4+ , Al 3+ , and Mg 2+ ); and (4) it classi fi es the pyrochlore species into an appropriate group, based on the dominant cation at the A site and the dominant anion at the Y site. The H 2 O (wt. % ) content for the PSM is estimated by stoichiometric constraints. WinPclclas allows users to: (1) enter up to 51 input variables for mineral -chemical analyses; (2) type and load multiple PSM compositions in the data entry section; (3) edit and load the Microsoft (R) Excel fi les used in calculating, classifying, and naming the PSM, together with the total monovalent to hexavalent cation, and (4) store all the calculated parameters in the output of a Microsoft (R) Excel fi le for further data evaluations. The program is distributed as a self -extracting setup fi le, including the necessary support fi les used by the program, a help fi le, and representative sample data fi les.
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    WinSpingc, a Windows program for spinel supergroup minerals
    (Ceska Geologicka Spolecnost, 2023) Yavuz, Fuat; Yavuz, Vural
    A Microsoft & REG; Visual Basic software, called WinSpingc, has been developed to calculate and classify wet chemical and electron-microprobe spinel supergroup mineral analyses based on the New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMMN) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA-19) nomenclature scheme. The program evaluates the 60 approved species according to the dominant valance and constituents in the general AB2X4 formula for the spi-nel, ulvospinel, carrollite, linnaeite, tyrellite and bornhardtite subgroups that belong to the oxyspinel, thiospinel and selenospinel groups. Mineral analyses of the oxyspinel group are calculated based on 3 cations and 4 oxygen atoms per formula unit, whereas the formulae of thiospinel and selenospinel analyses are on the basis of 7 atoms per formula unit. Employing the anions of spinel supergroup mineral analyses, the program first assigns three groups on the basis of dominant X anion, including O2-, S2- and Se2-, determines subgroups according to the cation charge arrangement combinations and then defines the spinel species in each subgroup based on the dominant valance and constituents. The Fe3+ and Fe2+, as well as the Mn3+, Mn2+, Co3+ and Co2+ contents from microprobe-derived total FeO, MnO and CoO (wt. %) amounts, are estimated by stoichiometric constraints. WinSpingc allows the users to enter total 57 input variables for groups as well as to type and load the multiple spinel supergroup compositions in the data entry section, to edit and load the Microsoft & REG; Excel files in calculating, classifying and naming the spinel species, and to store all the calculated parameters in the Microsoft & REG; Excel file for further evaluations. The program is distributed as a self-extracting setup file, including the necessary support files used by the program, a help file, and representative sample data files.