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    A Windows Program for Feldspar group thermometers and hygrometers
    (Edizioni Nuova Cultura, 2022) Yavuz, Fuat; Yavuz, Enver Vural
    A Microsoft (R) Visual Basic software, called WinFeldth, has been developed for plagioclase, alkali feldspar and liquid compositions that coexisting as two-feldspar, plagioclase-liquid and alkali feldspar-liquid pairs to calculate the temperature (T, degrees C) and water contents (H2O wt%) of igneous rocks. The program allows the users to enter major oxide of each plagioclase and alkali feldspar data and liquid compositions. Alternatively, 10 input variables such as the mole fractions of X-Ab(PF), X-Or(PF), X-An(PF), X-Cn(PF), X-Ab(AF), X-Or(Ar), X-An(AF), X-Cn(AF) as well as pressure (P, kbar) and temperature (T, degrees C) can be entered to estimate two-feldspar thermometers on the basis of thermodynamic modelling of ternary solid solutions and pressure- and temperature-dependent equations, respectively. WinFeldth enables the users to enter and load multiple two-feldspar and liquid analyses in the program's data entry section. Alternatively, the composition of analyses can be typed in a blank Excel file (i.e., WinPAL.xlsx) and then loaded into the program's data entry screen for data processing. Representative two-feldspar analyses are calculated based on 8 or optionally 32 oxygens by the program. WinFeldth evaluates eleven two-feldspar thermometers, nine two-feldspar thermometers based on the thermodynamic modelling of ternary solid solutions, six plagioclase-liquid thermometers, two alkali feldspar-liquid thermometers, five plagioclase-liquid hygrometers, one alkali feldspar-liquid hygrometer and plagioclase-liquid barometer. This program generates and stores all the calculated results in the Microsoft Excel file (i.e., Output.xlsx), which can be displayed and processed by any other software for further data presentation and graphing purposes. The compiled program code is distributed as a self-extracting setup file, including a help file (i.e., WinFeldth.chm), test data files and various graphic files for binary and ternary plots, which are intended to produce a high-quality printout.
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    Bir açık ocak örneğinde yamaç molozu akma mekanizmasının belirlenmesi
    (2023) Yavuz, Enver Vural
    On 17 November 2016, 16 workers lost their lives as a result of a landslide in an open pit copper mine in Madenköy district of Siirt province in southeastern Turkey. The main aims of this study is to investigate the causes of the accident, to reveal its mechanism and to be prepared for such mass movements that may occur in the future. The study area consists from the north and getting younger towards the south. Further investigations have shown that hydrogeological conditions and geological structure are the most important factors affecting the units. A large number of boreholes were drilled to reveal the 3D features of the area and cross sections were obtained. The most critical geotechnical numerical cross section that best represents the mass movements was selected and the stability of the area was analysed by finite element method in dry and water saturated conditions using Plaxis 2D and 3D Connect Edition v22 software.
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    LGM Glaciations in the Northeastern Anatolian Mountains: new insights
    (MDPI-Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022) Reber, Regina; Akçar, Naki; Tikhomirov, Dmitry; Yeşilyurt, Serdar; Vockenhuber, Christof; Yavuz, Enver Vural; Ivy-Ochs, Susan; Schluechter, Christian
    Barhal Valley belongs to the Coruh Valley System in the Kackar Mountains of northeastern Anatolia. This 13 km long valley is located to the south of the main weather divide and to the east of Mt. Kackar, with the highest peak of the mountain range being 3932 m. Today, source of an average yearly precipitation of 2000 mm of moisture is the Black Sea, situated approximately 40 km to the north of the study site. Glaciers of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) descended directly from Mt. Kackar and reached an altitude of ca. 1850 m a.s.l. (above sea level). In this study, we are exploring whether the position of Barhal Valley to the south of the main weather divide and its east-west orientation have an influence on the existence and expansion of paleoglaciers. Here, we present 32 new cosmogenic Cl-36 dates on erratic boulders from the Coruh Valley System. We reconstructed three geomorphologically well-contained glacier advances in the Barhal Valley, namely at 34.0 +/- 2.3 ka, 22.2 +/- 2.6 ka, and 18.3 +/- 1.7 ka within the time window of the global LGM. Field evidence shows that the glacier of the 18.3 +/- 1.7 ka advance disappeared rapidly and that by the latest time, at 15.6 +/- 1.8 ka, the upper cirques were ice-free. No evidence for Lateglacial glacier fluctuations was found, and the Neoglacial activity is restricted to the cirques with rock glaciers. A range of 2700 to 3000 m for the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) at the LGM was reported based on modeling of the glacial morphology. We determined that the most likely position of the LGM ELA in the coruh Valley System was at 2900 m a.s.l. We suggest an alternative moisture source to the direct transport from the Black Sea for the ice accumulation in the Eastern Black See Mountains. The shift of the Polar Front and of the Siberian High Pressure System to the south during the LGM resulted in the domination of easterly airflow to the Caucasus and Kackar Mountains with moisture from expanded lakes in central-western Siberia and from the enlarged Aral- and Caspian Seas.