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    EU-Turkey relations and the German perspective
    (Peter Lang AG, 2015) Hauge, Hanna Lisa; Wessels, Wolfgang
    The relations between Turkey and the member states of today's European Union (EU) have a long history and cover many dimensions from politics to trade, migration or culture. Taking up a historical approach, this paper analyses EU-Turkey relations with the aim to structure the political and academic debate along certain narratives. At the same time, the paper includes an analysis of how positions of German governments and political leaders within and towards the EU-Turkey relations have been constructed and how they developed over time. As an analytical framework the following narratives are put forward: a) geostrategic, b) economic, c) political and d) identity. The authors argue that the relevance of these different narratives in the debate changed significantly during the different phases of EU-Turkey relations since the end of the 1950s, determined not only by developments within the EU and Turkey, but also by major shifts in the international system. © Peter Lang GmbH.
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    The European council as a key driver of EU-Turkey relations: Central functions, internal dynamics, and evolving preferences
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Turhan, Ebru; Wessels, Wolfgang
    The many faces of the European Council make it a core component of the institutional machinery maintaining relations between the EU and third countries, including Turkey. This chapter identifies the European Council's roles as the EU's 'master of enlargement', 'external voice and crisis manager', and 'agenda and direction setter' as its three primary functions that drive the EU-Turkey relationship. The central focus of the chapter is the evolution of the European Council in framing relations with a candidate country-or what many now call a 'strategic partner'-and the identification of the critical turning points and shifts in the central functions, internal dynamics, and preferences of this key institution. The findings indicate a growing trend toward a more conflictual, relatively hostile relationship between the European Council and Turkey as a result of diverging geopolitical interests-especially in the Eastern Mediterranean-and normative considerations. Furthermore, the analysis reveals an expanding impact of bilateral issues and member states' individual preferences on the European Council's role as a driver of EU-Turkey relations. Still, with their powers, the Heads of State or Government are likely to remain a key driver of the future trajectory of the relationship, demonstrating an increased interest in 'thinking outside of the accession box' and in framing a relationship model that would safeguard EU-Turkey relations amidst growing disagreements with Ankara. © The Author(s) 2021.