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Öğe Avrupa Birliği’nin ortak güvenlik ve savunma politikasının savunma boyutunun gelişiminde Pesco’nun rolü: fırsatlar ve zorluklar(2019) Turhan, EbruAvrupa’da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşmeye yönelik ilk çabalarla eş zamanlı olarak bir güvenlik ve savunma politikası oluşturma girişimleri gözlemlenmiştir. 1999 Helsinki AB Zirvesi’nde açıklanan Avrupa Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (AGSP) ve 2009’da Lizbon Antlaşması ile hayata geçirilen Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası (OGSP), uzun bir süre güvenlik politikalarına ağırlık verilmesinin ve dolayısıyla savunma boyutunda bütünleşmenin ihmal edilmesinin önüne geçememiştir. 2017’de hayata geçirilen “Daimi Yapılandırılmış İşbirliği” (PESCO) ile AB’nin savunma aktörlüğünün etkinleştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada, PESCO’nun OGSP’nin savunma boyutunda gerçekleşmesi amaçlanan bütünleşmeye ve AB’nin savunma kabiliyetlerinin gelişimine katkısı, bu süreçte oluşan zorluklar ve fırsatlar, nedensel mekanizmalara odaklanan süreç takibi yöntemiyle analiz edilmektedir.Öğe Avrupa Birliği’nin üçüncü ülkelerle harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon modelleri ve Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinin geleceği: neoliberal bir yaklaşım(2018) Turhan, EbruHâlihazırda AB’nin siyasi sisteminin önde gelen bir öğesi olan “farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon” kavramına yönelik analizler ve tartışmalar, özellikle geçtiğimiz on sene içerisinde AB’nin hala içinde bulunduğu çok katmanlı kriz dönemi ışığında artmıştır. İlgili çalışmaların çoğu, AB içerisinde vuku bulan farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon ile ilgilenirken, bu kavramın “dış boyutu” olarak nitelendirilen ve üçüncü ülkelerin AB’nin karar alma süreçlerine dahil olmadan AB müktesebatının farklı bölümleri ile farklı derecelerde uyum yakalamaları aracılığıyla meydana gelen “harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon” konusunda gerçekleştirilmiş çalışmalar son derece sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, AB ve üçüncü ülkeler arasında harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon modellerinin geliştirilmesini neoliberal kuramın temel varsayımları temelinde açıklamayı ve bu kuramsal çerçevede AB ve üçüncü ülkeler arasında hâlihazırda gerçekleştirilen üç harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon modelini (Avrupa Ekonomik Alanı, Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası ve Stratejik Ortaklık) incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, aynı zamanda, neoliberalizmin odaklandığı “karşılıklı bağımlılık” kavramı ışığında Türkiye-AB ilişkilerinde ve AB katılım müzakereleri sürecinde son dönemde yaşanan gelişmeleri analiz etmektedir ve yakın geçmişte iki taraf arasında hayata geçirilen ikili diyalog mekanizmalarını dikkate alarak Türkiye ile AB arasında üyelik çerçevesinin dışında bir harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon modeli oluşturulması ihtimaline değinmektedir.Öğe Barely Alive? The Costs and Benefits of the EU-Turkey Statement on Irregular Migration(Middle East Technical University, 2024) Kale, Basak; Turhan, EbruThe EU-Turkey Statement of March 2016 - also known as the EU-Turkey deal or the refugee deal - had strong underlying motivations both for the European Union (EU) and Turkey. For the EU, the EU-Turkey Statement aimed to limit if not, end irregular migration from Turkey and its immediate neighbourhood. For Turkey, the Statement provided financial support and strategic diplomatic engagement, putting Turkey back on the EU’s political map. With Ankara frequently threatening to withdraw from the deal and with the EU institutions responsible for the deal having been criticized for not taking a “humane” stand toward migration management and for increasing the EU’s dependence on the Turkish government, it remains somewhat unclear why the EU-Turkey Statement still perseveres. Taking into consideration both parties’ rationalist calculations, this paper offers an analytical overview of the costs and benefits of the implementation of the deal from 2016 to 2024. The findings show that the advantages of the Statement for the EU (governments) and the Turkish government outweigh its costs. Unable to engage in concerted actions and to strengthen the internal dimension of its migration governance, the Statement helped the EU utilize Turkey both as a buffer zone between countries of origin and its member states and as a geopolitical space where the refugee Other can reside. The Statement also created a blueprint for similar arrangements of the EU with other neighbouring countries. As far as Turkey is concerned, the Statement specifically equipped the Turkish government with unparalleled leverage in its relations with the EU which remains incapable of instrumentalizing its normative conditionality vis-à-vis Turkey. Thus, at the intergovernmental level, the benefits of the Statement outweigh its costs. How much this satisfactory cost-benefit ratio translates into the public domain remains unclear and is subject to further scholarly investigation.Öğe Capturing women's standpoint in EU–Turkey studies: The evolution of gendered publication and citation patterns(2024) Turhan, Ebru; Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, RahimeStarting from the‘gender problem’in European studies, we scrutinize the gendered knowledgeproduction patterns in a least likely case to be gendered, EU–Turkey studies, due to the overrep-resentation of women in thefield and its feminine image. We utilize feminist standpoint theoryand apply research synthesis and citation analysis techniques to two original datasets comprising300 articles in 26 Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) journals, published from 1996 to 2020and involving 8494 citations. Ourfindings reveal that male-dominated knowledge marks evenEU–Turkey studies with men outnumbering women in authorships and an extremely limitednumber of articles focusing on gender, whilst ampler disparities transpire infirst authorshipsand citations. Whilst women have progressively disrupted male-dominated knowledge by sur-passing male authorship numbers since 2014, engaging in greater theoretical sophisticationand having a greater inclination to cite women, limited incorporation of women’s standpointhinders thefield’s potential to address gender inequalities and promote gender-sensitive policiesand development.Öğe Current trends and future prospects for EU-Turkey relations: Conditions for a cooperative relationship(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Reiners, Wulf; Turhan, EbruThis chapter summarizes the key insights derived from a three-dimensional perspective on EU-Turkey relations that combines the analytical lenses of (1) theories and concepts, (2) institutions, and (3) policies. It furthermore reflects upon the different periodizations of the EU-Turkey relationship. On this basis, we offer a systematic survey of the conditions under which cooperative trends in EU-Turkey relations could be (re)invigorated. The analysis shows that despite the high potential for reciprocity inside and outside the accession framework, the relationship currently rests on unfavorable conditions for cooperation on both sides. Important enablers of cooperative behavior-trust, communication, reputation, fairness, enforcement, and common identity-cannot properly operate in the current setup. The chapter puts forward possible means to allow for these enablers to facilitate cooperative behavior in EU-Turkey relations in the future. It concludes by discussing the future trajectory of the relationship and pinpointing avenues for a future research agenda for EU-Turkey studies. © The Author(s) 2021.Öğe Current trends and future prospects for EU–Turkey relations: Conditions for a cooperative relationship(Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) Turhan, Ebru; Reiners, WulfThis chapter summarizes the key insights derived from a three-dimensional perspective on EU–Turkey relations that combines the analytical lenses of (1) theories and concepts, (2) institutions, and (3) policies. It furthermore reflects upon the different periodizations of the EU–Turkey relationship. On this basis, we offer a systematic survey of the conditions under which cooperative trends in EU–Turkey relations could be (re)invigorated. The analysis shows that despite the high potential for reciprocity inside and outside the accession framework, the relationship currently rests on unfavorable conditions for cooperation on both sides. Important enablers of cooperative behavior—trust, communication, reputation, fairness, enforcement, and common identity—cannot properly operate in the current setup. The chapter puts forward possible means to allow for these enablers to facilitate cooperative behavior in EU–Turkey relations in the future. It concludes by discussing the future trajectory of the relationship and pinpointing avenues for a future research agenda for EU–Turkey studies.Öğe Deutschlands rolle beim flüchtlingsabkommen der Europäischen Union mit der Türkei – Eine zäsur in der Deutschen Türkei-Politik?(Peter Lang, 2017) Turhan, Ebru; Aydın, Yaşar[Özet yok]Öğe Entegre sınır yönetimi ve frontex ile ilişkiler bağlamında Türkiye'nin AB ile harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonu(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2022) Turhan, Ebru; Yıldız Oğuzalp, Ayselin GözdeTürkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonunun sınırlarını ve belirleyici faktörlerini Entegre Sınır Yönetimi (ESY) sisteminin uygulanması ve AB Sınır ve Sahil Güvenlik Ajansı (FRONTEX) ile işlevsel işbirliğinin durumu kapsamında analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Makalenin kuramsal bölümünde, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon ve belirleyici faktörleri, farklı politika aktarımı modelleri ve literatür haritalandırılması üzerinden kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ampirik bölümdeyse, ESY’nin uygulanması ve FRONTEX ile işbirliği konularında gerçekleşen farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonun kapsamı Avrupa Komisyonu Türkiye ilerleme/ülke raporları temel alınarak incelenmektedir. Entegrasyonun kapsamını ve sınırlarını etkileyen faktörler, makalenin kuramsal bölümünde gerçekleştirilen haritalandırmadan yararlanılarak ele alınmaktadır. Bulgular: Makalenin ana bulgusu, cazip ve güvenilir teşviklerin Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile entegrasyonunu kolaylaştırırken, sektörel siyasallaşmanın ve öngörülen yüksek uyum maliyetlerinin harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonu olumsuz etkilediğidir. Özgünlük: AB-Türkiye ilişkilerinin ele alındığı yazında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon konusundaki kuramsal çalışmalar az sayıda olmakla birlikte, oldukça da yeni bir alandır. Bunun ötesinde, kuramsal tartışmaları farklı politika alanları bağlamında inceleyen sınırlı sayıda ampirik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerini, göç ve sınır yönetimi gibi oldukça önemli ve güncel bir politika alanında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon tartışmaları bağlamında inceleyerek özellikle Türkçe yazına önemli ve özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.Öğe EU-Turkey Relations: Theories, Institutions, and Policies(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Reiners, Wulf; Turhan, EbruThis open access book explores the new complexities and ambiguities that epitomize EU-Turkey relations. With a strong focus on the developments in the last decade, the book provides full access to a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted relationship through three entry points: (1) Theories and Concepts, (2) Institutions, and (3) Policies. Part I brings together complementary and competing analytical approaches to study the evolution of EU-Turkey relations, ranging from traditional integration theories to novel concepts. Part II investigates the institutional machinery of EU-Turkey relations by analyzing the roles and perspectives of the European Council, the European Commission, and the European Parliament. Part III offers analyses of the policies most relevant for the relationship: enlargement policy, trade and macroeconomic policies, foreign and security policy, migration and asylum policies, and energy policy. In Part IV, the volume closes with a systematic survey of the conditions under which cooperative trends in EU-Turkey relations could be (re)invigorated. The systematic setup and the balanced combination of distinguished experts from EU- and Turkey-based institutions make this book a fundamental reading for students, researchers, lecturers, and practitioners of EU-Turkey relations, European integration and Turkish foreign policy. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. All rights reserved.Öğe Europe's crises, Germany's leadership and Turkey's EU accession process(Ifo institute for Economic Research e.V., 2016) Turhan, EbruThe unique and deep-rooted relations between Turkey and Germany rest upon a variety of political, economic and societal linkages. Germany is defined as Turkey’s leading trading partner, with bilateral trade volume reaching a new record of 36.8 billion euros in 2015. For decades, Germany has been the biggest foreign investor in Turkey. The number of Turkish and German companies with German capital operating in Turkey has risen to approximately 6,500, while Turkish companies have been increasingly involved in foreign direct investments in Germany and setting up businesses in sectors of strategic importance for both parties.Öğe From “Economic Consequences” to the “Personal Impact” Frame: Representation of Turkey in the German media(Cambridge Scholars Press, 2016) Turhan, Ebru; Bozdağ Bucak, ÇiğdemThe relationship between Germany and Turkey has a long history and a unique character due to the strong political, economic, and societal connections between the two countries and two-way migration flows. Ebbs and flows dominate the German-Turkish dialogue because of the multifaceted nature of this relationship, and these fluctuations are reflected in and influenced by framings in the media of both countries. Media framings are particularly significant for policy-making and hint at a government’s issue-specific preferences since although frames can be transmitted from the public and media levels to the governmental level, top-down framings are more likely to occur (Entman 2003).Öğe German-Turkish relations – intermestic, interdependent, intricate(Nomos, 2019) Turhan, EbruIn recent years the German-Turkish dialogue has been increasingly becoming subject to German, Turkish and European political, academic, public and media debates. The bilateral relationship has been in fact attracting attention for many decades taking into consideration the multidimensional complex interdependence between both countries and a vicious cycle of ebbs and flows that has dominated German-Turkish relations. The overarching evolution of the bilateral dialogue between Germany and Turkey has been a journey with numerous crossroads as throughout the contemporary history moments of conflict between both countries were followed by an era of rapprochement and intensified interest-oriented collaboration which was yet again succeeded by another period of disagreement and estrangement based on diverging preferences and interests. Whereas various phases of conflict, convergence or standstill could also be observed in the overarching relationship between Turkey and the European Union (EU), the German-Turkish dialogue has experienced sharper, more clear-cut Uturns and transitions.Öğe Germany’s domesticated European Policy: Implications for the EU and Turkey(Nomos, 2019) Turhan, EbruThe relations between Germany and Turkey are deep-rooted, multidimensional, and intricate. The uniqueness and intricacy of the bilateral dialogue between the two countries largely stem from the continuous rollercoaster ride the two have shared over many decades. A puzzling love affair exists between both countries, exhibiting alternating phases of regression and rapprochement driven by the paradoxical co-existence of specific interdependencies and (at times) diverging preferences. Due to Germany’s influence in the EU, its policy towards Turkey has important implications for Turkey’s relations with the EU. Thus, throughout recent history, the shifts and continuities in outlook in Berlin have been carefully monitored by successive Turkish governments.Öğe In search of epistemic justice in the EU's periphery: a research synthesis of EU- studies(University Association for Contemporary European Studies, 2022) Turhan, Ebru; Kurum, Rahime SüleymanoğluAs relations between the European Union (EU) and Turkey have progressed, so has the body of literature on the relationship - to the extent that we can now identify 'EU-Turkey studies' as a boutique sub-discipline of EU studies. This article provides a systematic mapping of the evolution of EU-Turkey studies from 1996 to 2020 in order to explore the degree of epistemic diversity featured in the discipline as an indicator of epistemic (in)justice. Utilising the research synthesis technique, we analyse a novel dataset involving 300 articles published in 26 SSCI journals to scrutinise the extent of epistemic diversity in the discipline. Our mapping reveals two central features of EU-Turkey studies. First, the transformation of the discipline has largely been contingent on critical milestones in EU- Turkey relations. Lately, increasing conflictual dynamics in bilateral relations resulted in diminishing scholarly commitment to studying EU-Turkey relations. Second, epistemic diversity has remained fairly limited given the lack of geographic diversity in authorship, the accumulation of the publications in specific journals, and the segregated co-authorship clusters that limit the amalgamation of different ideas and values. At the same time, knowledge production in EU-Turkey studies has been mainly Eurocentric, due to the almost exclusive use of grand and up-and-coming theories/concepts of European integration, while the proliferation of issue areas since the launch of the discipline has not culminated in a strong focus on non-traditional, avant-garde research topics as such. To ensure epistemic justice in the discipline, EU-Turkey studies should place stronger emphasis on unconventional issue areas and on the explanatory power of mainstream and unorthodox (IR) theories that have the potential to explore the relationship within the context of the multilateral system in which EU-Turkey relations increasingly operate.Öğe Models of differentiated integration between the European Union and Third Countries and the future of Turkey-EU relations: a neoliberal approach(Istanbul Univ, 2018) Turhan, EbruStudies and debates on the concept of "differentiatedintegration," which has been a key feature of the political system of the EU for many decades, have come into prominence in the last decade in view of the multiple crises the EU has been facing. Whereas most of these studies dealt with internal differentiated integration within the EU, only a few studies focused on the "external" dimension of differentiated integration, which could be described as third countries' differentiated levels of alignment with various parts of the EU's acquis communautaire without participating in the EU's central decision-making bodies. This study seeks to examine the development of different models of external differentiated integration between the EU and third countries based on the key premises and assumptions of neoliberalism and by focusing on the following three already established modes of external differentiated integration between the EU and third countries: European Economic Area, European neighborhood Policy, and Strategic Partnership. It further evaluates the latest developments in EU-Turkey relations and Turkey's EU accession process in light of neoliberalism's concept of "interdependence" and touches upon the possibility of the formation of a model of external differentiated integration between Turkey and the EU, outside the framework of the accession process by taking into account the recently established bilateral dialog mechanisms.Öğe Mülteci krizinin AB-Türkiye ilişkilerine etkileri: AB’ye üyelik sürecinden bir “stratejik ortaklığa” doğru mu?(İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2017) Turhan, EbruTürkiye ve AB arasında, Suriye iç savaşının ortaya çıkardığı mülteci krizinin Avrupa’ya yansımalarının arttığı ve krizin bir “Orta Doğu ve yakın bölge krizi” olmaktan çıktığı dönemde ani bir yakınlaşma yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, mülteci krizinin bir “Avrupa krizi” olmaya başladığı 2015 yılının sonbahar ayları ile krizin çözümüne yönelik önemli kararların alındığı Mart 2016 arasında Türkiye ve AB arasında gerçekleşen yakınlaşmayı mercek altına almaktadır. Çalışma, aynı zamanda, mülteci krizinin yönetimi konusunda Türkiye ve AB arasında varılan mutabakatın ikili ilişkilerin kurumsal mimarisine etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Mülteci krizi döneminde, AB ve Türkiye arasında varılan mutabakat ve oluşturulan ikili diyalog mekanizmaları, ikili ilişkilerin AB katılım süreci çerçevesinden çok bir “stratejik ortaklık” çerçevesinde gelişmesine imkân tanımaktadır. Kriz döneminde geliştirilen yeni diyalog mekanizmaları, AB’nin stratejik ortakları ile kurduğu mekanizmalarla büyük benzerlik göstermektedir. AB’nin resmi belgelerinde Türkiye tanımının „önemli ortaktan“ „kilit bir stratejik ortağa“ dönüşmesi de bu bulguyu desteklemektedir.Öğe The European council as a key driver of EU-Turkey relations: Central functions, internal dynamics, and evolving preferences(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Turhan, Ebru; Wessels, WolfgangThe many faces of the European Council make it a core component of the institutional machinery maintaining relations between the EU and third countries, including Turkey. This chapter identifies the European Council's roles as the EU's 'master of enlargement', 'external voice and crisis manager', and 'agenda and direction setter' as its three primary functions that drive the EU-Turkey relationship. The central focus of the chapter is the evolution of the European Council in framing relations with a candidate country-or what many now call a 'strategic partner'-and the identification of the critical turning points and shifts in the central functions, internal dynamics, and preferences of this key institution. The findings indicate a growing trend toward a more conflictual, relatively hostile relationship between the European Council and Turkey as a result of diverging geopolitical interests-especially in the Eastern Mediterranean-and normative considerations. Furthermore, the analysis reveals an expanding impact of bilateral issues and member states' individual preferences on the European Council's role as a driver of EU-Turkey relations. Still, with their powers, the Heads of State or Government are likely to remain a key driver of the future trajectory of the relationship, demonstrating an increased interest in 'thinking outside of the accession box' and in framing a relationship model that would safeguard EU-Turkey relations amidst growing disagreements with Ankara. © The Author(s) 2021.Öğe The European Council as a key driver of EU–Turkey relations: Central functions, internal dynamics, and evolving preferences(Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) Turhan, EbruWith its central functions and wide-ranging activities within the political system of the European Union (EU), the European Council has turned into the key EU institution in framing and shaping EU–Turkey relations. Since its establishment in 1974, it has been making the most fundamental and far-reaching decisions on the EU–Turkey relationship. The influence of the European Council in EU–Turkey relations is derived from its role and status in EU decision-making. No institution other than the European Council has enjoyed so much ‘explicit political leadership in the EU process’ (Wallace, 2010: 82), gradually expanded its functions beyond the legal provisions enshrined in treaties, and evolved into a ‘living institution’. As a ‘place of power […] where great European debate takes place on a one-to-one basis’ (de Schoutheete, 2012a: 22), the European Council is composed of the Heads of State or Government1 of the member states, its President, and the President of the European Commission (Art. 15(2) Treaty on European Union, TEU). It sets the strategic direction of the Union, amends EU treaties, and takes over key agendasetting and decision-making functions in enlargement policy and ‘new areas of EU activity’ including economic governance and foreign affairs (Fabbrini & Puetter, 2016: 482).
