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Öğe An Interpretation of the Deep Disagreement between Plato and Protagoras from the Perspective of Contemporary Meta-Ethics and Political Epistemology(Mdpi, 2023) Knoll, ManuelSince the early 20th century, two new disciplines emerged in the tradition of analytic philosophy: meta-ethics and political epistemology. Nevertheless, debates on such questions go back to the ancient Greeks and, in particular, to the debates between Plato and Protagoras. This article elucidates the controversy between Plato and the influential sophist Protagoras from the perspective of contemporary meta-ethics and political epistemology. It argues that the main motivation of Plato's philosophical endeavors is to overcome Protagoras's skeptical claims that no moral facts and no moral knowledge applicable to political issues exist. The paper defends the thesis that there exists a deep disagreement between Protagoras and Plato on the existence of moral facts and moral knowledge. A deep disagreement is a disagreement that cannot be resolved through the use of reasons and arguments. Applying the foundationalist approach Robert J. Fogelin proposes in his seminal paper The Logic of Deep Disagreements, this article argues that the deep disagreement between Protagoras and Plato exists because their political thought is based on underlying principles that clash. While Plato's political philosophy rests on his religious and theological convictions, the political thought of Protagoras is based on his skepticism, relativism, and agnosticism.Öğe Aristotle on the demise and stability of political systems(Editorial Universidad de Sevilla-Secretariado de Publicaciones, 2022) Knoll, ManuelThis article examines Aristotle's theory of 'factional conflict' (stasis) in Book 5 of the Politics and claims that it is mainly directed against the a-historical account of constitutional change Plato develops in the Republic. Aristotle's investigation of the causes of stasis is oriented towards the normative political goal of stabilizing political orders and preventing their 'change' (metabole) into different ones. This article argues that the constitution Aristotle calls 'polity' (politeia) constitutes his solution to the challenge of stabilizing democracies and oligarchies. The paper also aims at elucidating Aristotle's conception of an empirical political science, his political realism, and the method he applies in conjunction with it in the 'empirical' Books of the Politics (Book 4 through 6).Öğe Aristotle's Understanding of Democratic Justice and His Distinction between Two Kinds of Equality: A Response(Brill, 2023) Knoll, ManuelThis short article is a response to Douglas Cairns, Mirko Canevaro, and Kleanthis Mantzouranis, who in Polis 39 (2022) explicitly criticize both of my previous interpretations of Aristotle's view of democratic justice and of the relation of proportional and numerical equality. Against Cairns et al., I argue that there is no tension or contradiction between Aristotle's statements on these two kinds of equality and on democratic justice. The paper suggests a new reading of Aristotle's texts that strictly distinguishes between Aristotle's own views and his references to 'respected opinions' (endoxa). It concludes that Aristotle consistently identifies democratic justice with `numerical' or 'arithmetic' equality and not with proportional equality, which he usually identifies with equality 'according to worth or merit' (kat' axian).Öğe Decay and Stability of Political Orders On the Topicality of ancient political Thought(Verlag Karl Alber, 2020) Knoll, Manuel[No abstract available]Öğe Martha Nussbaum and Aristotle on Distributive Justice and Equality(Brill, 2022) Knoll, ManuelThis article gives a detailed analysis of Nussbaum's 'capabilities approach' and her claim that it is a genuinely Aristotelian contemporary political philosophy. The paper examines how Nussbaum bases her 'capabilities approach' on human nature and questions her assertion that both Aristotle's account of human nature and her own approach are not metaphysical. In order to analyze the normative dimension of Nussbaum's 'capabilities approach', this article focuses on Aristotle's doctrine of distributive justice and equality. It shows how Nussbaum adopts and modifies this doctrine in an egalitarian way and demonstrates that her reading and appropriation of it is problematic. With reference to contemporary literature on Aristotle's Politics, the article criticizes how Nussbaum assimilates Aristotle's political philosophy into modern values and notions, laying out six primary reasons supporting the thesis that Nussbaum's 'capabilities approach' cannot be regarded as an Aristotelian one.Öğe Teleology in Aristotle’s Practical Philosophy(Palacky University Olomouc, 2022) Knoll, ManuelThis article contributes to the debate on the relation between Aristotle’s practical and theoretical philosophy. It argues that his practical philosophy depends to a considerable extent on his teleological conception of nature. This thesis is primarily directed against scholars who maintain that Aristotle does not derive political and human relations from natural or cosmic conditions. The paper defends David Sedley’s anthropocentric interpretation of Aristotle’s natural teleology and shows how Aristotle applies teleological explanations to power relations among human beings – among men and women and among freemen and natural slaves – and their purposes and goals. The article focuses on Aristotle’s human ‘function’ (ergon) argument, which is a teleological argument at the centre of his practical philosophy. It argues that this argument, which Aristotle presents to define ‘human flourishing’ or ‘happiness’ (eudaimonia), depends on his definition of man as the only ‘living being that has language and reason’ (zôon logon echon). It further claims that the dispute about whether Aristotle identifies eudaimonia only with a life of contemplation or whether eudaimonia includes a political life can be clarified by referring to the natural purpose of logos. © 2022, Palacky University Olomouc. All rights reserved.
