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    A Mirror or an Imitation of Power: Areas of Influence emphasized by the Prussian King Frederick the Great in his Letters to the Ottoman Empire
    (Istanbul 29 Mayis Univ & Isam, 2023) Ercan, Huseyin Onur
    One of the practices of international diplomacy in the early modern pe-riod was enumerating the localities ruled and/or claimed by the rulers in the letters sent to other states in order to point out that the exercise of power relies on God's grace (divine right). This practice, which finds its reflex in many languages, was widely used from the 15th century until the 19th century by both Christian and Muslim states. This article examines the question of whether the Ottoman-Prussian diplomatic relations, which became tenser in the second half of the 18th century, re-flected this practice in relevant diplomatic documents. To consider this, five letters of Frederick the Great, who made the Prussian state one of the great powers of Europe, addressed to the Sublime Porte between 1758 and 1762 in Latin, which includ-ed the above practice as a continuation of its historical course have been analyzed. Moreover, the localities enumerated in the letters are compared in terms of area and population using the demographic data of the Ottoman Empire and contemporary German sources on historical geography.
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    From Ridvan Aga to Suleyman Bey (1634-1774): The Traces of the Ottoman Delegations in the Austrian State Archive
    (Istanbul 29 Mayis Univ & Isam, 2020) Ercan, Huseyin Onur
    With the inclusion of Buda in 1541 as a province of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans and the Austrian Habsburgs became neighbors and after the Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) the diplomatic traffic between the two powers increased. Among the basic sources for studying the Ottoman-Habsburg diplomatic relations from their beginnings at the end of the XVth century are the Austrian State Archives. Besides the politically important documents, there are also numerous documents that shed light on the increasing number of accommodations of various Ottoman delegations who stayed in Vienna as guests (XVIIth-XVIIIth centuries). Until the Treaty of Sistova (1791) that ended the Ottoman-Habsburg military confrontations definitely, approximately ninety Ottoman legations were sent to Vienna. In the present study, the focus is on the delegations sent between the years 1634 to 1774 and on the question of how and where they were accommodated by the Habsburg institutions as well as who was their responsible host. In this paper, an endeavor is made to conduct a study of Ottoman-Habsburg diplomatic history by combining the data revealed so far with information from some pertinent documents of the Austrian State Archives.