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Öğe A comparative techno-economic assessment of manually adjustable tilt mechanisms and automatic solar trackers for behind-the-meter PV applications(2022) Gönül, Ömer; Yazar, Fatih; Duman, A. Can; Güler, ÖnderMany studies in the literature aim to increase the amount of solar radiation falling on photovoltaic (PV) panel surface to improve its performance. Most of these studies concentrate on solar tracking systems and few studies focus on manually adjustable tilt mechanisms. However, no studies in the literature compare these two methods techno-economically. Therefore, as its main contribution, this study makes a techno-economic comparison of solar trackers and manually adjustable tilt mechanisms. First, the electricity production of fixed-tilt, manually adjustable tilt mechanisms (monthly and seasonal adjustment), and automatic solar trackers (single-axis east-west (SA-EWT), single-axis south-north (SA-SNT), and dual-axis (DAT)) systems are technically analyzed for three provinces in Turkey with different solar characteristics. After that, the systems are compared economically and evaluated over levelized cost of electricity (LCoE), discounted payback period (DPBP), and internal rate of return (IRR). Finally, a detailed sensitivity analysis is made and the impact of changes in initial investment costs and real interest rates is examined. Eventually, the payback period of fixed-tilt systems is found to be 10.3–13.3 years in Turkey. Dual-axis solar trackers provide the highest electricity production increase (30.4–34.6%) compared to fixed-tilt but with the highest payback period (16.7–24 years) among all alternatives. Monthly manual tilt adjustment provides the most feasible solution by decreasing the payback period of fixed-tilt systems by around 8 months to 9.6–12.6 years and with an electricity production increase of 3.6–5%.Öğe A comprehensive framework for electric vehicle charging station siting along highways using weighted sum method(2024) Gönül, Ömer; Duman, A. Can; Güler, ÖnderThe proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to an increased demand for strategically located EV charging stations (EVCSs) to ensure a balanced and accessible charging network. The siting of EVCS involves a multifaceted process that includes technological, economic, social, geographical, and environmental factors. An EVCS network should deliver high-quality service, alleviate drivers' range anxiety, and be compatible with renewable energy system integration, while also accounting for technical infrastructure and future expansion expectations. Resting areas along highways, equipped with amenities and grid connections, emerge as potential sites for EVCS installation. Accordingly, this study presents an EVCS siting framework along highways, integrating expert opinions from diverse disciplines. The proposed method employs expert opinions to weigh site selection criteria and then uses a clustering-based approach to identify suitable locations for EVCS siting, utilizing the weighted sum method. According to the experts, the most important criterion is determined as the service level of the candidate point with a weight of 0.375, followed by traffic density (0.218), and proximity to connection roads (0.215). The method is tested both on a test highway and the Edirne-Ankara highway, which is the most heavily used in Türkiye. The results demonstrate that the test highway identifies 13 out of 18 optimal locations using the clustering strategy. Similarly, the siting method identifies 18 out of 31 optimal EVCS locations along the Edirne-Ankara highway ensuring the distance constraints. This approach is scalable and adaptable for application on highways in various countries where EVCS infrastructure is still developing.Öğe An Assessment of Renewable Energy Resources for Electricity Generation in Turkey(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Duman, A. Can; Gönül, Ömer; Deveci, Kaan; Güler, ÖnderIn order to achieve emission mitigation targets and reduce dependency on imported energy, many countries moved toward renewable energy resources. Among them, Turkey has achieved a remarkable renewable energy capacity increase in recent years. Today, Turkey is at the forefront in Europe and MENA region in terms of installed capacity of geothermal (ranked 1st) and hydroelectric power (ranked second after Norway). The country accelerated its solar photovoltaic (PV) investments, particularly in the last few years, and ranked first in 2017 and second after Germany in 2018 in newly added PV capacity among European and MENA countries. By the end of 2019, Turkey has the tenth highest electricity generation from wind energy in the world. Turkey also speeds up its biomass energy investments in line with the country’s energy diversity policy. Turkey owes its accomplishments in renewable energy not only to its substantial resources but also to its efficient YEKDEM feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism and YEKA auction mechanism for allocation of connection capacity. This study presents an overall assessment of renewable energy resources in Turkey and introduces the existing renewable energy incentive mechanisms. It carries out feasibility analyses of wind, solar PV, biomass, and geothermal power plants in Turkey and concludes with recommendations for renewable energy expansion in the country. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Multi-objective optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of on- and off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for EV charging stations(Elsevier, 2024) Gonul, Omer; Duman, A. Can; Guler, OnderIntegrating electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) with renewable energy systems requires the consideration of several factors during the planning stage, including environmental impact, economic viability, grid reliability, and self-sufficiency. Therefore, this study conducts a multi-objective optimal sizing of on- and off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for EVCSs. The sizing problem is solved using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). Subsequently, the best suitable solutions from the obtained non-dominated solutions are selected using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, prioritizing the objective functions based on diverse interests of different stakeholders (large and small private investors and governmental entities). Finally, a techno-economic analysis is made considering payback period, profitability index (PI), and internal rate of return (IRR). The results show that on-grid systems show high economic viability with payback periods between 1.98 and 7.72 years, an average PI of 5.07 and an average IRR of 23.97%. Although off-grid systems present lower economic viability with payback periods between 8.77 and 22.42 years, an average PI of 1.68 and an average IRR of 4.91%, in certain cases they reach investable levels with payback periods below 10 years, PI above 2, and IRR above the interest rate.Öğe Survey- and simulation-based analysis of residential demand response: Appliance use behavior, electricity tariffs, home energy management systems(Sustainable Cities and Society, 2023) Duman, A. Can; Gönül, Ömer; Erden, Hamza Salih; Güler, ÖnderResidential demand response (DR) aims to stabilize the electricity grid by utilizing the flexibility of end-users. To this end, end-users are offered time-varying electricity prices and incentivized for load shifting. End-users can maximize bill reduction through automated load shifting using home energy management systems (HEMSs). Since HEMS is a new technology, the future DR potential of its mass use is unknown. Here, surveys can be very useful for gaining insight into future behaviour and preferences in using HEMS. Therefore, the objective of this study is twofold: (1) to understand appliance use behaviour, electricity tariff perception, and tendency towards HEMS-based DR participation, through a survey. And then, (2) to simulate the DR potential by entering survey responses into a HEMS optimization tool. The results show that 78% of the respondents are willing to engage in HEMS-based DR. This provides the potential to reduce the peak period consumption by 33%. However, the average bill savings achieved by HEMS owners is only 6.7%, which can hinder reaching this potential. Still, 21% of the HEMS owners save more than 10% on their bills. 8% save over 15%, and 3% over 20%. These can be the target audience of the future HEMS market and DR campaigns.Öğe Techno-economic analysis of grid-connected PV and second-life battery systems for net-zero energy houses(2024) Özcan, Özgür; Duman, A. Can; Gönül, Ömer; Güler, ÖnderNet-zero energy houses (ZEHs) rely on energy-efficient building design and the incorporation of distributed generation and battery energy storage units. Nevertheless, two primary concerns arise: high investment cost of these units and harmful environmental impact of batteries. Using second-life batteries can overcome these concerns by reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV)- battery systems and mitigating the adverse environmental effects of battery supply chain. Therefore, this study examines the techno-economic feasibility of utilizing second-life batteries for PV storage in grid-connected ZEHs in two provinces (Antalya and Istanbul) of Türkiye. First, two ZEHs with air-to-water heat pumps are designed using BEopt software. Next, the optimal PVbattery capacity in the ZEHs is determined using HOMER Grid software. Finally, the economic feasibility of using three types of batteries (new lead acid, new Li-ion, second-life Li-ion) in ZEHs is compared. The optimal design for a typical ZEH comprises a 5.92 kW PV and an 8.96 kWh second-life Li-ion battery in Istanbul (northern Türkiye), yielding an NPV of $10,906, and a 7.54 kW PV and an 11.52 kWh second-life Li-ion battery in Antalya (southern Türkiye), yielding an NPV of $16,402. The results indicate that using second-life Li-ion increases the NPV of PV-battery systems by 15 % in Istanbul and by 21 % in Antalya. The feasible system configuration categories for Türkiye’s economic and climatic conditions are ranked as: PV-second-life Li-ion > PV-no battery ? PV-new Li-ion > PV-new lead acid. Incentivizing the use of second-life batteries due to their environmental contribution could result in an even higher NPV increase.Öğe Techno-economic analysis of off-grid photovoltaic LED road lighting systems: A case study for northern, central and southern regions of Turkey(2019) Duman, A. Can; Güler, ÖnderStreet lighting is one of the sectors where off-grid energy systems are used, and in the past decade interest in these systems has increased due to recent developments occurred both in LED and PV technology. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV LED road lighting systems for northern, central and southern regions of Turkey. Road lighting calculations are conducted using DIALux software for M4 and M5 road lighting classes to obtain optimal LED luminaires, pole sizes, and spacings. Among the obtained LED powers, load profiles are created using real lighting hours of operation of the selected regions. And then, the required PV-battery systems are optimized using HOMER software. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed for future projections considering possible increases in electricity prices and decreases in component cost of the PV systems. The results showed that the levelized COE of the off-grid PV LED road lighting systems vary between 0.229 and 0.362 $/kWh for M4, and 0.254–0.359 $/kWh for M5 road lighting class, depending on the solar potential of the region. And, the total NPC of the entire lighting installation per km vary between 24296 and 29123 $ for M5, and 33225–44318 $ for M4 road lighting class. According to the results, the systems are infeasible under current conditions in Turkey. Nonetheless, they have the added benefits of contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Moreover, future projections show that the systems can be feasible if the declining trend in PV system costs continues and electricity prices increaseÖğe Techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV LED road lighting systems for Antalya province of Turkey(2019) Duman, A. Can; Güler, ÖnderIn this study, a techno-economic analysis of offgrid PV LED road lighting systems is made for Antalya province of Turkey. DIALux software is used for road lighting calculations and HOMER software is used in modelling, sizing, and optimization of the energy systems. Calculations are made to determine whether maximum or minimum pole spacing options for both twin-bracket central and opposite lighting arrangements provide the optimal system design for off-grid PV LED road lighting systems under the M3 lighting class in Antalya. The techno-economic analysis of the energy system in case of dimming LED luminaires after midnight is made. Since the payback periods of the systems are found to be above the system lifetime (20 years) with and without dimming, in addition to the current case, future projections, in which electricity unit prices increase and cost of PV system component and battery costs decrease, are examined.Öğe Techno-economic analysis of off-grid PV/wind/fuel cell hybrid system combinations with a comparison of regularly and seasonally occupied households(2018) Duman, A. Can; Güler, ÖnderIn Turkey, it is common to move to seasonal vacation homes/second homes during summer months. Electrical energy demand of these homes, which are usually located in the coastal regions where solar radiation is high, can be met by renewable energy sources. In this study, meeting electrical energy demand of off-grid vacation homes via photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell hybrid energy systems is investigated from a techno-economical perspective. 24 different simulations were performed in the HOMER software under geographic and climatic conditions of Çeşme, İzmir that has relatively high solar and wind energy potential for Turkey conditions and is a place where seasonal vacation homes are located. Two occupancy scenarios (seasonal and regular) of the households were investigated under two storage options (hydrogen and battery) and each storage option consisted of six hybrid system configurations (three 100% renewable?+?three minimum 95% renewable). As a result, the levelized cost of electricity (COE) of off-grid renewable energy systems are found to be above the cost of grid electricity, however, a lot less when compared to previous years. The techno-economic analysis showed that, battery storage, which is a more mature technology, is still economically superior to hydrogen storage.
