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    The dispute between two major european powers over Gibraltar’s sovereignty
    (Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, 2018) Atilla, Ahmet; Bayraklı, Enes
    Britain seized Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the Spanish Succession War. Spain officially handed the sovereignty of Gibraltar to Britain after the Treaty of Peace and Friendship Treaty in 1713. The Gibraltar Dispute began with when the Spain and Britain failed to reach a consensus on interpreting the treaty and the claim?s of Spain over Gibraltar. Britain and Spain intended to solve this dispute by power politics until 1975.Spain applied the means of the power politics such as sieges, embargo and the war throughout centuries to take control of Gibraltar from Britain. The Gibraltar Dispute reached a deadlock when Spain closed the border gate in 1969 However, the status quo started to change in 1975 after the death of Franco who had ruled Spain since 1939 by dictatorship. Thus, the death of Franco led to the start of the transition to democracy. Spain applied for EC membership in 1977. Europeanization process began with the application and showed its influence in both domestic and foreign affairs. Because Spain underwent such a transformation, having developed diplomatic relations with the UK. As a result, as Spain?s attitude towards Gibraltar changed, the border gate between Spain and Gibraltar, which was closed during the Franco era, was reopened.The Europeanization process played a transformative role in the Gibraltar Dispute and led to abandon of the centuries long power based realist politics. The process provided a basis for peaceful resolutions. Meanwhile, Gibraltarian people gained political rights from the UK and developed cooperation with the EU from economy to security through the membership of the UK. The UK held the EU membership referendum in 2016. While, 52% of British voters voted in favor of leaving the EU, 96% of Gibraltarian voters voted in favor of remaining in the Union. The result of the referendum has consequences for both the UK and Gibraltar. In this study, the Gibraltar Dispute will be studied as well as the factors that have been shaping the conflict since 1704. This study will apply classical realism and the concept of Europeanization as theoretical frameworks to analyze the transformation of Gibraltar Dispute since 1704.
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    The energy policy of the European Union and its implications for Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Atilla, Ahmet
    Energy has played a significant role in unifying the European nations and being an apparatus for peace building in Europe since the Second World War. In the postwar period the European Coal and Steel Community brought rival countries together as allies with regard to energy resources. Today, the energy issue remains a priority within the European institutional framework. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, more ex-Soviet East European countries have become members of the European Union (EU). This wider and deeper integration has led the EU to adopt comprehensive energy policies, so it is essential to examine the facets of the EU energy policy. Moreover, because of its strategic location, Turkey has become an active player in the energy trade between the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Europe. The number of pipelines that pass across Turkey has increased since the start of the 2000s. Turkey has become a candidate for membership of the EU and has had to comply with EU rules and norms, as well as internalizing the EU’s Acquis Communautaire. In this chapter, the evolution of the EU energy policy and Turkey’s integration into it are analyzed. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.